Insulin aspart
Insulin aspart is identified as a rapid-acting human insulin analog. Read supporting source ↗
VALREXA PEPTIDE ENCYCLOPEDIA
Peptide families & related groups
Read connected entries together, while keeping biological families distinct from shared signaling pathways and research themes.
A family describes related biological molecules. A signaling comparison groups entries by an action or pathway; a research theme groups a topic. These are different relationships, and the labels below keep them separate. Shared membership never means equal effects, safety or evidence.
Insulin family
Biological familyRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
Insulin degludec
Insulin degludec is an engineered, long-acting human insulin analog. Read supporting source ↗
Insulin detemir
Insulin detemir is identified as a long-acting basal human insulin analog. Read supporting source ↗
Insulin glargine
Insulin glargine is identified as a recombinant human insulin analog. Read supporting source ↗
Insulin glulisine
Insulin glulisine is classified in the source as a rapid-acting recombinant insulin analog. Read supporting source ↗
Insulin (human)
Human insulin is identified in the supplied references as insulin, a peptide hormone; the sources describe its production and actions, not membership in another peptide family. Read supporting source ↗
Insulin lispro
Insulin lispro is explicitly identified as a human insulin analogue and belongs in the insulin comparison group. Read supporting source ↗
Glucagon and incretin signaling
Signaling comparisonRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
Albiglutide
Albiglutide is classified in the incretin-themed group because the sources identify it as a GLP-1 receptor agonist. Read supporting source ↗
Dulaglutide
The source identifies dulaglutide as a GLP-1 receptor agonist, supporting inclusion in this incretin-themed group; this is not a claim that it is a naturally occurring peptide or belongs to a structural family of native peptides. Read supporting source ↗
Exenatide
The label classifies exenatide as an incretin-mimetic agent. This is a pharmacological theme, not a claim that it belongs to the same structural family as an incretin. Read supporting source ↗
Glucagon
Glucagon is connected to incretin signaling: the source reports that oxyntomodulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide enhance glucagon secretion, while glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibits it. This is a comparison or pathway theme, not a claim that these molecules form one structural family. Read supporting source ↗
Liraglutide
Liraglutide is described as a GLP-1 receptor agonist and an incretin mimetic. Read supporting source ↗
Lixisenatide
The source identifies lixisenatide as a GLP-1 receptor agonist, supporting its inclusion in this comparison/theme group. Read supporting source ↗
Retatrutide
Retatrutide is described as one peptide that activates GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors; this supports its inclusion in the glucagon-incretin theme group. Read supporting source ↗
Secretin
A comparison grouping only: the source reports sequence similarity to glucagon and other peptides, but does not establish secretin as an incretin or assert a single structural family. Read supporting source ↗
Semaglutide GLP-1 receptor agonist
Included in this signaling comparison because the source describes semaglutide as a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. This is not a structural-family assignment. Read supporting source ↗
Teduglutide
Teduglutide is identified in the label as an analogue of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), a peptide hormone. This supports placing it in the glucagon-incretin theme group, not an assertion that it is the naturally occurring peptide. Read supporting source ↗
Tirzepatide
Tirzepatide belongs in this comparison/theme group because it is a dual agonist of the GIP and GLP-1 incretin hormone receptors. Read supporting source ↗
Amylin and its analogues
Peptide and analogue familyRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
Amylin
Human amylin is the naturally occurring hormone used as the reference for the synthetic analogue pramlintide. Read supporting source ↗
Cagrilintide
Cagrilintide is described as a long-acting amylin analogue and as an agonist at amylin receptors. This identifies its amylin-related group; it does not make cagrilintide the natural peptide. Read supporting source ↗
Eloralintide
Eloralintide is described as a synthetic analogue of human amylin and as an amylin-receptor agonist. Read supporting source ↗
Pramlintide
Pramlintide is a synthetic analogue of human amylin and is described in the review as an amylin-mimicking agent. Read supporting source ↗
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and analogues
Peptide and analogue familyRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
Cetrorelix
Cetrorelix is a synthetic GnRH analogue that acts as a GnRH antagonist at pituitary receptors. Read supporting source ↗
Degarelix
The label characterizes degarelix as a GnRH receptor antagonist. This supports a GnRH-related functional grouping; it does not identify degarelix as native GnRH. Read supporting source ↗
Ganirelix
Ganirelix is a synthetic GnRH-derived antagonist, not the naturally occurring GnRH peptide itself. Read supporting source ↗
Gonadorelin
Gonadorelin is identified as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a hypothalamic hormone that stimulates pituitary gonadotropin release. Read supporting source ↗
Histrelin
Histrelin acetate is explicitly identified as a synthetic analogue of GnRH and as a GnRH agonist. Read supporting source ↗
Kisspeptin-10
This is a pathway-related grouping, not a claim that kisspeptin-10 is GnRH or belongs to the same structural family: the FDA describes kisspeptin as an upstream regulator of GnRH secretion. Read supporting source ↗
Leuprolide
Leuprolide is identified as a synthetic analogue and agonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Read supporting source ↗
Triptorelin
Triptorelin is identified as a synthetic analogue of GnRH and as a GnRH receptor agonist. Read supporting source ↗
Somatostatin and analogues
Peptide and analogue familyRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
Lanreotide
Lanreotide is identified as a synthetic somatostatin analogue, not as naturally occurring somatostatin. Read supporting source ↗
Octreotide
Octreotide is identified as an analogue of the somatostatin hormone. Read supporting source ↗
Vasopressin and oxytocin
Related peptide familiesRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
Desmopressin
Desmopressin is described as a synthetic analogue of vasopressin, supporting this theme-group membership; the source does not identify it as a natural peptide. Read supporting source ↗
Oxytocin
Oxytocin is discussed alongside vasopressin as another hormone stored and released from the posterior pituitary; this supports the comparison group, not a claim here about structural similarity. Read supporting source ↗
Terlipressin
Supported as a synthetic vasopressin analogue and a vasopressin receptor agonist; the source does not identify it as a naturally occurring hormone. Read supporting source ↗
Melanocortin peptides
Biological familyRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
Bremelanotide
Bremelanotide is classified as a melanocortin receptor agonist. This is a pharmacological classification; the source does not establish a natural peptide-family origin for the drug. Read supporting source ↗
KPV
KPV is described as an α-MSH-derived, melanocortin-related tripeptide. The article distinguishes its proposed intracellular action from melanocortin-receptor activation. Read supporting source ↗
Setmelanotide
Setmelanotide is a cyclic peptide analogue of α-MSH and an agonist at the melanocortin 4 receptor, placing it in the melanocortin pathway theme. Read supporting source ↗
Growth-hormone signaling
Signaling comparisonRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
AOD-9604
AOD-9604 is linked to the growth-hormone axis as a synthetic fragment of human growth hormone; this is a comparison or thematic grouping, not a claim that it is the intact natural hormone. Read supporting source ↗
CJC-1295
The FDA identifies CJC-1295-related substances as GHRH analogues and describes growth-hormone-secretagogue activity for CJC-1295 DAC-related material. This is a growth-axis theme, not evidence that all named forms have the same activity. Read supporting source ↗
DSIP
A review reports DSIP-related stimulation of growth hormone release, alongside luteinizing hormone release; it also says the role of DSIP in this neuroendocrine network remains unclear. Read supporting source ↗
GHRP-2
The sources place GHRP-2 in the growth-hormone secretagogue context and describe it as stimulating growth hormone release. Read supporting source ↗
GHRP-6
GHRP-6 is discussed as a growth hormone secretagogue: the review reports stimulation of pulsatile growth hormone secretion in human studies. Read supporting source ↗
Hexarelin
Hexarelin is grouped here because the source describes it as a growth-hormone secretagogue that stimulates growth-hormone release. Read supporting source ↗
Ipamorelin
A growth-axis theme membership is supported because FDA describes ipamorelin as a growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates endogenous growth hormone release. This mechanism does not establish treatment effectiveness. Read supporting source ↗
Lanreotide
This is a functional theme: the label connects lanreotide receptor activity with inhibition of growth hormone, and reports reduction of growth hormone and/or IGF-1 in acromegaly. This does not imply a structural peptide family. Read supporting source ↗
Octreotide
The label connects octreotide to reduced growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in acromegaly; this is a comparison/theme grouping, not a claim of structural family membership. Read supporting source ↗
Sermorelin
The review places sermorelin’s action in the hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic axis and describes it as a GHRH analogue. Read supporting source ↗
Somatropin
Somatropin is a recombinant human growth hormone whose labeled mechanism includes interaction with growth hormone receptors. This supports placement in the growth-axis theme, not a claim that it belongs to a broader structural peptide family. Read supporting source ↗
Antimicrobial research
Research themeRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
Bulevirtide
Antiviral theme: bulevirtide inhibits hepatitis D virus infection by blocking viral attachment to its hepatocyte receptor; this does not imply antibacterial activity. Read supporting source ↗
Dalbavancin
Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibacterial. Its described antibacterial action is interference with bacterial cell-wall synthesis. Read supporting source ↗
Daptomycin
Daptomycin is described as a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic active against susceptible Gram-positive bacteria. Read supporting source ↗
Enfuvirtide
Comparison/theme membership: enfuvirtide is described as an antiretroviral fusion inhibitor active against HIV-1. This does not imply that it belongs to a structural family of antimicrobial peptides. Read supporting source ↗
LL-37
LL-37 is described as a cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide with activity against microbes; the review also describes immune-modulating and wound-repair effects. Read supporting source ↗
Oritavancin
Oritavancin is identified as an antibacterial drug with activity against specified Gram-positive bacteria. Read supporting source ↗
Polymyxin B
Polymyxin B is described as a peptide antibiotic with activity against susceptible Gram-negative bacteria. Read supporting source ↗
Telavancin
Telavancin is an antibacterial drug with activity described against susceptible Gram-positive bacteria. Read supporting source ↗
Thymosin alpha-1
A review describes antibacterial and antiviral properties for thymosin alpha-1. This is a broad comparison/theme grouping, not evidence that it is an established antimicrobial treatment for every infection. Read supporting source ↗
Vancomycin
Vancomycin is described as a glycopeptide antibacterial that acts against susceptible gram-positive bacteria by interfering with bacterial cell-wall formation. Read supporting source ↗
Mitochondrial research
Research themeRead the source-backed relationship for each entry, then open its profile for identity, mechanism and evidence boundaries.
Epitalon
A comparison/theme grouping only: the review describes preclinical experiments examining Epitalon alongside mitochondrial measures, including in oocytes. This does not establish a structural peptide family or a proven clinical effect. Read supporting source ↗
GHRP-6
In a rat heart study, GHRP-6 treatment was associated with changes in mitochondrial proteins and pathways. This is a research theme, not a structural classification. Read supporting source ↗
Humanin
Humanin is identified as a mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded by a mitochondrial gene. Read supporting source ↗
SHLP2
SHLP2 is described as a mitochondrial-derived peptide, with the study reporting its encoding in mitochondrial DNA. This is a source/theme classification, not a claim that SHLP2 is a product or structural subunit of the mitochondrion. Read supporting source ↗
SS-31 (Elamipretide)
Elamipretide belongs in the mitochondrial theme because the source describes it as a mitochondria-targeting peptide that binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This is a theme classification, not a claim that it belongs to a hormone family. Read supporting source ↗
Educational reference, not medical advice. A biological connection is not proof of clinical benefit. Editorial additions dated November 11, 2026; this is not an independent expert-review date.