Reference guides
Look up how evidence, laboratory methods and peptide science work. For a structured learning path, start at Learn; use this reference library when you have a specific question.
Search every guide
No guides match. Try the glossary.
Clinical Research & Evidence
How trials work, how to rank evidence and how to read a study like a scientist.
Clinical trials and FDA approval, step by step
How a molecule goes from a lab idea to an approved medicine, and why most never make it.
8 min readClinical Research & EvidenceThe evidence pyramid: which studies count most
Not all studies are equal. Here is how scientists rank evidence, and how VALREXA’s four evidence levels fit in.
7 min readClinical Research & EvidenceHow to read a scientific study
A practical checklist for reading a paper, or a headline about one, like a scientist.
8 min readClinical Research & EvidenceStatistics that matter: p-values, risk and effect size
The handful of statistical ideas you need to judge a study, explained with plain examples.
8 min readClinical Research & EvidenceHow to spot a misleading health claim
Twelve warning signs that a health or supplement claim is ahead of the evidence.
6 min readLaboratory Testing & Quality
What lab methods measure, and what a test result can and cannot tell you.
Understanding HPLC and peptide purity
High-performance liquid chromatography separates the components of a sample, helping analysts assess its chemical composition.
3 min readLaboratory Testing & QualityPurity, identity, sterility and endotoxins: different questions
Laboratory quality evaluation uses different methods to answer different questions. One result cannot substitute for every other test.
4 min readLaboratory Testing & QualityFreeze-drying (lyophilization) explained
How the pharmaceutical industry removes water from vaccines, antibiotics and biologics to keep them stable, step by step.
7 min readFoundations
The core science of amino acids, peptides and proteins.
What are peptides? Understanding the science
A plain-language introduction: how amino acids form peptides, what they do, and why most aren't medicines.
4 min readFoundationsBiochemistry & biomedical sciences curriculum
A free four-level path from associate degree to PhD, with objectives, tools and primary readings.
Full curriculumFoundationsAmino acids and acid–base chemistry (study guide)
Structure, classification, pKa, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation and isoelectric point.
10 min readFoundationsThe peptide bond and protein structure (study guide)
How amino acids link up, and the four levels of protein structure.
10 min readFoundationsProtein folding and stability (study guide)
Why sequence determines shape, the forces involved, and what happens when folding fails.
10 min readFoundationsEnzymes and kinetics (study guide)
How enzymes speed reactions, the Michaelis–Menten equation and types of inhibition.
10 min readFoundationsStudying proteins and peptides in the lab (study guide)
Purification, separation, identification, structure determination and peptide synthesis.
10 min readFoundationsPeptide hormones and signaling (study guide)
How peptide hormones are made and act, and how drug designers make them last.
10 min readFoundationsA history of peptide science
Every peptide in the library on one timeline, with the scientists behind each discovery.
15 min readScientific glossary, A to Z
200 terms from biochemistry, lab science and clinical research, with clearer definitions, examples and reference links.
Open the glossaryCited, not copied
Every guide links to primary sources: PubMed, FDA, Cochrane and university texts.
Graded evidence
Claims are matched to four evidence levels, from preclinical to approved use. Our standards.
Nothing to sell
No products, no dosing, no sourcing. How we make money.
Prefer to watch?
Curated science videos from HHMI, iBiology and the NIH, plus VALREXA Originals.
Prefer a structured path? Learn brings the curriculum, guides and practice together.
From the research desk
27 published reports. Original source dates and evidence limits stay visible.
Explore all News →Oral peptide icotrokinra reports Phase 3 results in psoriatic arthritis
Phase 3 results reported by sponsor; investigational for psoriatic arthritis
Cancer · PeptidePersonalized peptide vaccine reports new immune findings in melanoma
Phase 2 biomarker update; sponsor-reported conference findings
Infection · PeptideZaloganan trial expands beyond the US
Phase 2/3 trial milestone
Put your understanding to work
Choose a next step, at your own pace.